Understanding Korean History

CONTENTS 1. Primitive Society·Building of State 1) Origin of the Korean People and Prehistoric Times 3 2) Bronze Culture and Building of State 6 A. Bronze Culture 6 B. Emergence and Culture of Gojoseon 8 C. Spread of Iron Culture and Building of Kingdom 10 2. Establishment and Development of the Three Kingdoms 1) Formation and Development of the Three Kingdoms 17 A. Emergence of the Three Kingdoms 17 B. Development and Battles of the Three Kingdoms 20 C. Gaya, the Iron State 25 2) Ruling System of the Three Kingdoms 26 A. Governing Structure and Society of the Three Kingdoms 26 B. Characteristics of the Three Kingdoms 27 3) Culture and Tumuli of the Three Kingdoms 28 A. Buddhism and Culture of the Three Kingdoms 28 B. Tumuli of the Three Kingdoms 31 3. Unified Silla and Balhae 1) Birth of Unified Silla 39 A. Unification Wars of Silla and their Significance 39 B. Birth of Unified Silla 42 2) Ruling System of Unified Silla 43 A. Establishment and the Ruling System of Unified Silla 43 B. Culture of Unified Silla 46 3) Late Unified Silla Period and Birth of the Later Three Kingdoms 48 A. Bone-Rank System and Instability of the Late Period 48 B. Power Struggles within the Later Three Kingdoms 50 4) Balhae and Culture 51 A. Founding and the Development of Balhae 51 B. Culture and Foreign Relations of Balhae 52 4. Goryeo 1) Ruling Structure and Society of the Earlier Goryeo Period 57 A. Reunification Process and the Restructuring of the Ruling System 57 B. Establishment of Aristocratic Society 61 C. External Relations and Trade 63 2) Social Unrest in the Late Goryeo Period 66 A. Military Regime and People’s Uprisings 67 B. Battles against the Mongols and Interventions of Yuan 71 3) Culture of Goryeo 76 A. Coexistence of Buddhism and Confucianism in Early Goryeo 76 B. New Trend of Buddhism in the Late Goryeo 79 C. Acceptance of Neo-Confucianism 81 D. Advanced Technology of Goryeo 82 4) Reform in Late Goryeo and Change of Dynasties 86 A. Changes in the International Order and Withdrawal from Wihwa Island 86 B. Yi Seonggye and the New Dynasty 90 5. Founding of Joseon and Neo-Confucianism 1) Founding of Joseon and Managing of the State 95 2) Political System of Joseon 99 A. Securing of the Political System 99 B. Implementation of Economic Policies for Public Welfare 103 C. Stabilization of Social Status 105 D. Managing of Foreign Policies 107 3) Formation of Joseon Culture 110 A. Establishing the Cultural Framework of Neo-Confucianism 110 B. Hangeul, the Cultural Treasure and Asset of Korea 112 C. Development of Science and Technology 114 4) Emergence and Growth of Sarim 116 A. Emergence of Sarim 116 B. Political Growth of Sarim 118 C. Development of Private Academies and the Village Code 119 6. Changes in the Late Joseon Period 1) Foreign Invasions and Influences 125 A. The Japanese-Korean War of 1592 125 B. Manchu Invasions 130 2) Factional Politics and Implementation of Tangpyeongchaek 132 A. Factional Politics 132 B. Tangpyeongchaek of King Youngjo and Jeongjo 134 3) Shifts in Society and Search for a New Order 136 A. Changes in Rural and Urban Areas 136 B. Changes in Social Structure 139 C. Emergence of New Academic Tradition 141 D. New Trends in Literature and Arts 144 E. Advances in Science and Technology 145 4) Sedo Jeongchi and People’s Resistance 146 A. Structure of Sedo Jeongchi and Its Downsides 146 B. Social Reforms 148 7. Opening of Ports and Modernization Process 1) Opening of Ports 154 A. International Landscape in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 154 B. Heungseon Daewongun’s Reform and Closed-Door Policy 155 C. Opening of Ports and Signing of Unfair Treaties 158 2) Progressives and Conservatives 160 A. For and Against Enlightenment Policy 160 B. Coup of the Gapsin Year 163 C. Uprising of Donghak Peasant Army 165…

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