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Preface I was fortunate enough to teach a couple courses titled as “American Politics in Issues” and “World Affairs in Issues” at Kent State University as a teaching fellow between 1988 and 1991, which was, no doubt, a golden opportunity to develop my command of English. After I came back home, I had held almost no chances to teach courses in English for a while. It was 2008 in which I was given an opportunity to teach political methodology to graduate students from Keio University in Japan. I was very happy teach to them political methodology in English. A year later, I was invited to Keio University to teach local government to graduate students in an intensive way for two days. In the spring semester of 2010, I had a golden opportunity to teach “Urban Policy” to the master’s students of Graduate School of Public Administration at Seoul National University. My teaching experiences in English made me write a book about local governments in English. There are many outstanding books written by native English speakers. However, they concentrate almost on their own countries from their own perspectives. More often than not, they are too difficult to follow because they tend to show off their advanced knowledge of local government by way of using a high level of vocabularies and expressions. This is the foundation to write a book written in English which is good enough for non-native English speakers to figure out local government in an easy way. I have tried to write something about local governments in a straightforward and simple way. This book covers a wide range of issues related to local government and provides a comparative analysis among the USA, the UK, Japan and Korea. The chapter 1 discusses the relationship between local government and the liberal democracy. Under the tenet of the liberal democracy, fundamental human rights such as life, property, and the pursuit of happiness can be protected by way of several devices, including separation of power, checks and balances, rule of law and judicial review. The local governments are expected to function as a tool for dividing political power between the central government and local governments. The chapter 2 covers various theories on local governments, including normative and empirical theories. Theories are elaborated not only from a political but also from an administrative perspective. Such theories as elite theory, theory of pluralism, systems theory, public choice theory, theories of political processes, neo-Marxism and the local state, dual state theory, organization theory, decision-making theory are explained in a brief way. The chapter 3 explains ideologies of local government and local autonomy. As ideologies of local government and local autonomy, democracy and efficiency are discussed. In addition, local autonomy can be regarded either as goal itself or as tools for other objectives. Two different types of local autonomy such as institution-based local autonomy and resident-based local autonomy. The chapter 4 deals with intergovernmental relations between the central government and local governments. The historical background of intergovernmental relations in the USA, the UK, Japan and Korea is briefly introduced. Three major aspects of intergovernmental relations are analyzed in relative details. In addition, major intergovernmental models of the USA, the UK, Japan and Korea are elaborated . The Structure and tiers of local government are a topic of chapter 5. Issues regarding the types of local governments, including the general purpose local government, and special purpose local government are included. Different types of local governments and proper size of local governments are also explained. The chapter 6 covers roles, status and functions of local governments. Local governments play various roles as a local political entity, provider of public administrative services, and agents of the central government. Here are various functions of local government…
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Contents Preface vii Chapter 1 Liberal Democracy and Local government 1. Liberal Democracy 11 2. Local Government under the Federal and the Unitary System 13 Chapter 2 Theories and Approaches to Studies of Local Governments 1. Theories of Studying Local Governments 16 2. Approaches to Studies of Local Government 25 Chapter 3 Ideology of Local Government and Local Autonomy 1. Concept of Local Autonomy 27 2. Democracy and Efficiency 27 3. Local Autonomy as a Goal itself 29 4. Local Autonomy as an Instrument 29 5. Institution-based Local Autonomy and Resident-based Local Autonomy 32 Chapter 4 Intergovernmental Relations 1. Development of Intergovernmental Relations 34 2. Scope of Intergovernmental Relations 36 3. Conceptual Models of Intergovernmental Relations in Typical Nation-states 42 Chapter 5 Structure and Tiers of Local Government 1. Structure of Local Government 55 2. Sizes of Local Governments 59 3. Tier of Local Government 67 Chapter 6 Roles, Status and Functions of Local Government 1. Roles and Status of Local Governments 69 2. Functions of the Local Government 70 3. Specific Cases of Distribution of Functions 74 Chapter 7 Intergovernmental Relations among Local Governments 1. Competition and Conflict 80 2. Cooperation 85 Chapter 8 Local Politics 1. Local Government and Local Politics 89 2. Local Politics and Local Party 89 3. Local Politics and Local Party in Korea 96 4. Local Election and Ward 107 5. Local Politics and Local Council 110 Chapter 9 Local Public Administration and Management 1. Increased Role of Local Government 117 2. Functions of Local Government 118 3. New Public Management 121 Chapter 10 Citizen Participation and Development of Local Autonomy 1. Perspectives 126 2. Scope of Citizen Participation 126 3. Citizen Participation and Local Autonomy 136 Chapter 11 Citizen Participation and Sustainable Developmen 1. Sustainable Development and Citizen Participation 139 2. Economic Revitalization Policies 139 3. Sustainable Development 141 4. Main Civil Activities Features 142 5. Good Governance for Sustainable Development 144 Chapter 12 Citizen Participation and Local Governance 1. Governance and Citizen Participation 146 2. Theories about Citizen Participation 147 3. Institutional Bases of Citizen Participation in Japan 150 4. Institutional Bases of Citizen Participation in Korea 152 5. Types of Citizen Participation and Local Governance: Empirical Cases of Japan and Korea 154 6. Implications 163 Chapter 13 Local Governance 1. Concepts of Governance 167 2. Local Governance 171 3. Regional Governance 171 4. Governance Theories 173 Chapter 14 Decentralization and Local Governance 1. Nation-centered Governance 175 2. Emergency of Decentralization 175 3. Sorts of Decentralization 182 Chapter 15 Partnership and Local Governance 1. Necessity of Partnership 185 2. Requirements of Partnership 186 3. Partnership and New Public Management 188 4. Cases of Partnership 189 5. Partnership and Local Governance 190 Chapter 16 Urban Governance 1. World-class City 192 2. London 196 3. City of New York 201 4. Tokyo 204 5. Seoul 207 References 210 Profile 227 INDEX 253
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