Unending toil
[authors: Lim Hyo-kyung, Chang Heidi Hee-kyung, Nam Bada]
People for Successful Corean Reunification·2018-01-23
- 313쪽
- 148×210mm
- 사회과학
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책 소개
In writing “Unending Toil: Child Labor within North Korea,” People for Successful COrean REunification (PSCORE) addresses the prevalence of child labor in North Korea. Countless testimonies from North Korean defectors reveal that child labor is an institutionalized form of child exploitation in the DPRK. International organizations such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the International Labor Organization (ILO), have collected and analyzed extensive data regarding global standards of child labor. Yet for North Korea, there are no official statistics released on this subject. However, North Korean defectors interviewed by PSCORE and other Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have provided testimonies that indisputably prove the existence of child labor practices in various forms. In addition to the North Korean government withholding information from the international community, North Korean citizens fail to recognize these labor practices as child exploitation, and children continue to be placed in dangerous circumstances. The North Korean government does nothing to rectify this situation. It hypocritically acknowledges the global standard in denouncing child labor, “to protect the health, safety, and morals of children,” after ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1990.1 However, the authorities continue to force children to work in the education system, political prison camps, orphanages, and throughout society. Child labor is simply another method of indoctrination to maintain the Kim regime’s sovereignty and control. PSCORE seeks to incriminate the North Korean regime for serious labor exploitation and repressive social structures with regards to child labor. All North Korean defectors interviewed testified that they had experienced child labor, regardless of class status. We publish this report with the hope that future children of North Korea will enjoy guaranteed, basic human rights and a healthy childhood.
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Part One: Introduction 1. Background 2 2. Methodology & Interviewees 5 3. Definitions & Terminology 11 3.1 Definition of “Child” 11 3.2 Definitions and Regulations of “Child Labor” 12 Part Two: Child Labor in the Education System 4. Overview of Child Labor in the Education System 20 5. Agricultural Labor Support 23 5.1 Local Agricultural Labor Support 29 5.2 Long-term Agricultural Labor Support 51 5.3 Comparison of Local and Long-term Agricultural Labor Support 64 5.4 Accidents during Labor Support 66 5.5 Punishments for Failure to Complete Labor Support 70 6. Item Collections 78 6.1 Government-Run Children’s Initiative 78 6.2 Other Government-Run Collections 88 6.3 School-Run Item Collections 97 6.4 Schedule of Item Collections 110 6.5 Accidents during Item Collections 115 6.6 Punishments for Failure to Complete Item Collections 116 7. Other Forms of Child Labor within the School System 128 7.1 Construction Work 130 7.2 Mass Games 148 7.3 Birthdays and Mourning of the Supreme Leaders 155 7.4 Propaganda Campaigns and Political Events 158 7.5 Minor Forms of Child Labor 161 8. Acceptance and Desensitization of Child Labor in North Korea 164 8.1 Views of Teachers 165 8.2 Views of Parents 168 8.3 Views of Students 170 Part Three: Child Labor outside the Education System 9. Prison Camps 176 9.1 Background 177 9.2 Education 182 9.3 Food 185 9.4 Labor 187 9.5 Punishments 193 10. Orphanages and Relief Shelters 196 10.1 Background on Orphanages 200 10.2 Orphanage Education and Punishments 202 10.3 Background on Relief Shelters (gu-ho-so) 205 10.4 Relief Shelter Education and Punishment 207 10.5 Food 210 10.6 Work 213 11. Miscellaneous Child Labor Outside theSchool System 216 Part Four : Conclusion and Recommendations 12. Conclusion 224 12.1 Why Human Rights Should Take Precedence 224 12.2 North Korea's Fifth State Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child 226 12.3 The Types of North Korean Child Labor Referred to in this Report 233 12.4 How Exploitative Practices Foster Corruption 242 12.5 Overall Impact of Exploitative Practices on Children’s Education 251 13. Recommendations 256 13.1 Recommendations for the International Community 257 13.2 Recommendations for North Korea 259 Appendix A. Hierarchy and Structure of the Children’s Initiative 264 B. Additional Testimonials 272 B.1 On the Agricultural Labor Support 272 B.2 On Item Collections 278 B.3 On Miscellaneous Forms of Child Labor 282 B.4 On the Services Performed for Teachers 288 B.5 On Corruption in Schools 292 C. Constitutional Article Comparison 296 D. Violations of the UN Conventions 300
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